Nucleic acid complexes

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to nucleic acid complexes, methods of preparation thereof, and uses thereof for delivering a nucleic acid into a cell.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/826,887, filed on Mar. 14, 2013, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/617,882, filed on Mar. 30, 2012,both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

GOVERNMENT INTEREST STATEMENT

This invention was made with government support under GM087016 awardedby the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rightsin the invention.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to nucleic acid complexes, methods of preparationthereof, and uses thereof for delivering a nucleic acid into a cell.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Safe and efficient delivery of nucleic acid constructs to target cellshas great potential for the treatment of genetic diseases (Mancuso, etal. Nature, 2009, 461, 784-8; Waehler, et al. Nature Rev. Genet., 2007,8, 573-587; Semple, et al. Nature Biotech, 2010, 20, 172-6; and Davis,et al. Nature, 2010, 464, 1067-70). However, the clinical success ofthis approach depends on the development of effective delivery vehicleswith low toxicity. Viral and non-viral vectors both have been studiedfor this purpose, but suffer from several key limitations. Althoughefficient and persistent, viral vectors are challenged by issues oflarge-scale production, immunogenicity, and safety, whereas non-viralvectors are limited primarily by lack of efficiency. Nonetheless,non-viral nucleic acid delivery has attracted considerable attention dueto its scalability and modest host immunogenicity compared to viralvectors (Nayak, et al. Gene Ther., 2010, 464, 1067-70; Li, et al. J.Control. Rel. 2007, 123, 181-3; and Xu, et al. J. Pharm. Sci., 2011,38-52).

RNA interference (RNAi) is a post-transcriptional gene silencingmechanism arising from degradation or translation arrest of target RNA.The ability of 21-23 nucleotide RNAs (siRNA) to mediate RNAi inmammalian cells has enormous therapeutic potential for the treatment ofviral infections, cancer and neurological disorders (Ryther, et al.,Gene Therapy 2005, 12, 5). The use of siRNA has several advantages overconventional chemotherapy in that the high specificity nucleic acid drugacts “upstream” from chemotherapeutic agents conferring the ability totarget any protein and the capacity to potentially evade drug resistance(Whitehead, et al., Nature Rev. Drug. Disc. 2009, 8, 129). Thus, thereis an ongoing need for a safe and efficient delivery of siRNAspecifically to target cells.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the present invention provides a nucleic acid complexcomprising a nucleic acid, a macrocyclic compound, and a pendantpolymer, wherein the pendant polymer is modified with a hydrophobicgroup, and wherein the macrocyclic compound and the pendant polymer forma host:guest polymer complex. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid issiRNA or pDNA. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is siRNA. In otherembodiments, the hydrophobic group is a lipid.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method fordelivering a nucleic acid into a cell, the method comprising the step ofbringing a nucleic acid complex comprising the nucleic acid into contactwith the cell, wherein the nucleic acid complex comprises said nucleicacid, a macrocyclic compound, and a pendant polymer, wherein the pendantpolymer is modified with a hydrophobic group, and wherein themacrocyclic compound and the pendant polymer form a host:guest polymercomplex. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is siRNA or pDNA. In someembodiments, the nucleic acid is siRNA. In other embodiments, thehydrophobic group is a lipid.

In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising the nucleic acid complex of the present inventionto produce a pharmaceutical for delivering a nucleic acid into a cell.

The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth inthe accompanying description below. Other features, objects, andadvantages of the invention will be apparent from the description anddrawings, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The subject matter regarded as the invention is particularly pointed outand distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification.The invention, however, both as to organization and method of operation,together with objects, features, and advantages thereof, may best beunderstood by reference to the following detailed description when readwith the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 depicts structures of amino-β-CDs 1, 2, 3 (left), Chol-PVA-PEG(right).

FIG. 2 depicts AFM images of (A) Chol-PVA-PEG:3 and (B)Chol-PVA-PEG:3:siRNA at N/P=10 (insets showing structures within AFMimages). Scale bar=100 nm.

FIG. 3 depicts cell viabilities of 1, 2, 3, Chol-PVA-PEG andChol-PVA-PEG+1 host:guest pendant polymer complexes in CHO-GFP cellsusing 25 kD bPEI as control. The cells were treated with increasingconcentrations of amino-β-CDs, Chol-PVA-PEG, Chol-PVA-PEG+1 and bPEI for24 h in serum-free media before analysis by MTS assay.

FIG. 4 depicts in vitro GFP knockdown efficiencies of amino-β-CDhost:guest complexes with Chol-PVA-PEG and anti-GFP siRNA in CHO-GFPcells (in presence of serum) with 25 kD bPEI and Lipofectamine 2000(L2k) as controls. 100 nM of anti-GFP siRNA/well.

FIG. 5 depicts a high resolution Mass Spectrum ofamino-β-cyclodextrin 1. Theoretical Mass: 1133.38575. Experimental Mass:1133.39637.

FIG. 6 depicts a high resolution Mass Spectrum of amino-β-cyclodextrin2. Theoretical Mass: 1204.45925. Experimental Mass: 1204.47005.

FIG. 7 depicts a high resolution Mass Spectrum of amino-β-cyclodextrin3. Theoretical Mass: 1219.47015. Experimental Mass: 1219.48293.

FIG. 8 depicts partial ¹H NMR spectra (benzylidene acetal proton) ofChol-PVA-PEG at 37° C. at (A) 0 h, (B) 12 h, (C) 24 h, (D) 48 h and (E)stored as a dry powder at 4° C. for 9 months. No degradation wasobserved for the polymer in solution at 0° C. or 25° C. for up to 48 h.

FIG. 9 depicts Zeta Potential Measurements of Chol-PVA-PEG:3:siRNAcomplexes at N/P=20 formulated by (A) Method A and (B) Method B.

FIG. 10 depicts DLS Measurements of Chol-PVA-PEG:3:siRNA at pH 5.5 andpH 7.4 as a function of time. The particle size increases significantlywith time at pH 5.5, and after 4 h, multiple particle populations areseen. This can be contributed to hydrolysis of the polymer acetallinkages over time. Complexes are relatively stable at pH 7.4 up to 24h, with a slight increase in PDI noted at 48 h.

FIG. 11 depicts size distributions of (A) Chol-PVA-PEG:3 and (B)Chol-PVA-PEG:3:siRNA at N/P=10.

FIG. 12 depicts TEM images of (A) Chol-PVA-PEG:1 and (B)Chol-PVA-PEG:1:siRNA at N/P=5 prepared by Method A.

FIG. 13 depicts a flow cytometric analysis of gene silencing of CHO-GFPcells with 100 nM of anti-GFP siRNA in each well. Comparison of complexof siRNA:3: Chol-PVA-PEG relative to siRNA:bPEI (25K) and siRNA:L2k atN/P ratio=20 in serum-supplemented media in CHO-GFP cells.

FIG. 14 depicts a conceptual diagram of pDNA:amino-β-CD:Ad-PVA-PEGcomplexation.

FIG. 15 depicts structures of amino-β-CDs, Ad-PVA-PEG750 andAd-PVA-PEG2000.

FIG. 16 depicts 400 MHz ¹H NMR spectra of Ad-PVA-PEG in the absence (A),in the presence (B) of β-CD; Ad-PVA in the absence (C), and presence (D)of β-CD in D₂O at 20° C., and Ad-PVA with β-CD at pH=7 (E) and pH=4 (F)in D₂O at 20° C.

FIG. 17 depicts (A) Zeta potential measurements of pDNA:amino-β-CDcomplexes and pDNA:bPEI complexes, DLS Measurements of (B)pDNA:4:Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ and pDNA:6:Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ complexes formulated byMethod A and (C) pDNA:6 and pDNA:6:Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ complexes formulated byMethod B.

FIG. 18 depicts AFM images of (A) Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ and (B) 1:1β-CD:Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀. Images of pDNA:6:Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ prepared by Method Bat (C) N:P=2 and (D) N:P=6. The insets illustrate the possiblestructures in these images. The samples were prepared by adding a dropof solution to the mica surface and then slowly evaporating the sampleat 25° C. overnight.

FIG. 19 depicts cytotoxicities of 4, 5, 6, Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ and4:Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ host:guest complexes in HeLa cells using 25 kD bPEI as acontrol. The cells were treated with increasing concentrations ofamino-β-CDs, 4:Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ complexes, and bPEI for 24 h in serum-freemedia before analysis by MTT assay.

FIG. 20 depicts in vitro transfection efficiencies of amino-β-CDhost:guest complexes with (A) Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ and mhGFP pDNA (B)Ad-PVA-PEG₂₀₀₀ and mhGFP pDNA in HeLa cells; with 25 kD bPEI (control)considered as 100% transfection efficiency. Fluorescence microscopeimages of transfected HeLa cells (C) bPEI 25 k, (D) 6:Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀using Method A at N:P=20 in serum-free media using GFP gene as areporter gene; scale bar: 100 μm.

FIG. 21 depicts 300 MHz ¹H NMR spectra of Ad-PVA with α-CD, β-CD andγ-CD in D₂O at 20° C.

FIG. 22 depicts particle sizes of pDNA:5:Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ complexesformulated by Method A.

FIG. 23 depicts AFM images of (A) Ad-PVA-PEG₂₀₀₀; (B) 1:1β-CD:Ad-PVA-PEG₂₀₀₀; and pDNA:6:Ad-PVA-PEG₂₀₀₀, prepared by Method B at(C) N:P=2. The samples were prepared by adding a drop of solution to themica surface and then slowly evaporating the sample at 25° C. overnight.

FIG. 24 depicts a gel shift assay of amino-β-CD:Ad-PVA-PEG transfectioncomplexes at various N:P ratios. Images showed pDNA condensationcapabilities of 4:no polymer, 4:Ad-PVA-PEG @ Method A, 4:Ad-PVA-PEG @Method B, 6:Ad-PVA-PEG @ Method A, and 5:Ad-PVA-PEG @ Method A.

FIG. 25 depicts in vitro gene transfection efficiencies of the complexesof pDNA:amino-CD³⁰ :Ad-PVA and Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ relative to PEI (25K) atN:P=20 in serum free media in HeLa cells.

FIG. 26 depicts a flow cytometric analysis of plasmid DNA encoding mhGFPplasmid in HeLa cells. Comparison of complex of pDNA:6:Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀relative to pDNA:PEI (25 kD) at N:P=20 in serum free media using HeLacells (2 μg/well pDNA).

FIG. 27 depicts a flow cytometric analysis of plasmid DNA encoding mhGFPplasmid in HeLa cells. Comparison of complex of pDNA:6:Ad-PVA-PEG₂₀₀₀relative to pDNA:PEI (25 kD) at N:P=20 in serum-free andserum-supplemented media using HeLa cells (2 μg/well pDNA).

FIG. 28 depicts a conceptual diagram of Chol-PVA-PEG:amino-β-CD:siRNAcomplexation and endosomal escape.

It will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration,elements shown in the figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale.For example, the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggeratedrelative to other elements for clarity. Further, where consideredappropriate, reference numerals may be repeated among the figures toindicate corresponding or analogous elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are setforth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention.However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that thepresent invention may be practiced without these specific details. Inother instances, well-known methods, procedures, and components have notbeen described in detail so as not to obscure the present invention.

The present invention provides a nucleic acid complex that comprises anucleic acid, a macrocyclic compound, and a pendant polymer. In someembodiments, the pendant polymer is modified with a hydrophobic group,and the macrocyclic compound and the pendant polymer form a host:guestpolymer complex. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is siRNA or pDNA.In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is siRNA. In other embodiments,the nucleic acid is pDNA. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic group isa lipid.

In some embodiments, the macrocyclic compound is a modifiedcyclodextrin. In some embodiments, the modified cyclodextrin is amodified β-cyclodextrin comprising an amino moiety. In certainembodiments, the macrocyclic compound ismono-6-(amino)-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin,mono-6-(N,N′-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine)-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin,mono-6-(N′-(2-aminoethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine)-6-deoxy-βcyclodextrin,hepta-6-(2′-aminoethyl)amino-β-cyclodextrin,hepta-6-(2′-hydroxyethylamino)-βcyclodextri, orhepta-6-(hydrazino)-β-cyclodextrin.

In some embodiments, the pendant polymer comprises a poly(vinylalcohol), polysaccharide, polyester, or polyamide backbone.

In some embodiments, the pendant polymer comprises a poly(vinyl alcohol)backbone.

In some embodiments, the pendant polymer comprises a poly(ethyleneglycol) pendant group.

In some embodiments, the hydrophobic group is cholesterol, or aderivative or analog thereof. In some embodiments, the cholesterol, or aderivative or analog thereof, is linked through an acetal linkage to thebackbone of the pendant polymer.

In some embodiments, the host:guest polymer complex condenses thenucleic acid to form a nanoparticle in a size of from about 120 nm toabout 170 nm.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid that can be condensed to form anucleic acid complex of the present invention includes, but is notlimited to, siRNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, cDNA, miRNA (microRNA), ribozymes,antisense oligonucleotides, decoy oligonucleotides, plasmid DNA (pDNA),peptide nucleic acids, triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs),aptamers, genes, or a derivative or analog thereof, or a combinationthereof. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is siRNA or pDNA. Inother embodiments, the nucleic acid is pDNA. In some embodiments, thenucleic acid is siRNA. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid is a gene.The nucleic acid used in the nucleic acid complex of the presentinvention may be derived from humans, animals, plants, bacteria,viruses, or the like. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid may besynthesized either chemically or enzymatically. The nucleic acid for thenucleic acid complex of the invention may be single-stranded,double-stranded, or triple-stranded.

In some embodiments, the term “siRNA” refers to a small interfering RNA.In some embodiments, the siRNA comprises a duplex, or double-strandedregion, of about 18-25 nucleotides long; often the siRNA contains fromabout two to four unpaired nucleotides at the 3′ end of each strand. Atleast one strand of the duplex or double-stranded region of a siRNA issubstantially homologous to, or substantially complementary to, a targetRNA molecule. The siRNA may also contain additional sequences. Examplesof such sequences include linking sequences, or loops, as well as stemand other folded structures.

In some embodiments, a “macrocyclic compound” can be a cyclicmacromolecule or a macromolecular cyclic portion of a molecule. Themacrocyclic compound can be a porphyrin or an analog or derivativethereof. The macrocyclic compound can be a polyether macrocycle, ananalog or derivative, or a combination thereof, for example, a crownether (e.g., benzo[24]crown-8). In some embodiments, the macrocycliccompound can be a calixarene, heterocalixarene, cucurbituril, or ananalog or derivative or a combination thereof. In certain embodiments,the macrocyclic compound can be a modified calixarene, heterocalixarene,or cucurbituril. In some embodiments, the macrocyclic compound is amodified cucurbituril. In other embodiments, the macrocyclic compound isa modified calixarene. The macrocyclic compound can be a cyclicoligosaccharide, for example, cyclodextrin (CD). In some embodiments,the “cyclodextrin” can be composed of glucose monomers coupled togetherto form a conical, hollow molecule with a cavity. The cyclodextrin canbe any suitable cyclodextrins, including alpha-, beta-, andgamma-cyclodextrins, and their combinations, analogs, and derivatives.The cyclodextrin can be either natural or modified. In some embodiments,the cyclodextrin can be modified with a functional group. In someembodiments, the cyclodextrin can be modified with an amino moiety. Anamino moiety can refer to a moiety containing an amino group or aderivative thereof, which can be a primary amine, a secondary amine, ora tertiary amine moiety, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the macrocyclic compound can be a modifiedα-cyclodextrin or β-cyclodextrin. In other embodiments, the macrocycliccompound can be a modified β-cyclodextrin. The modified β-cyclodextrincan contain an amino moiety. In some embodiments, the modifiedβ-cyclodextrin is mono-6-(amino)-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin. In someembodiments, the modified β-cyclodextrin ismono-6-(N,N′-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine)-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin. Inother embodiments, the modified β-cyclodextrin ismono-6-(N′-(2-aminoethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine)-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin. Insome embodiments, the modified β-cyclodextrin ishepta-6-(2′-aminoethyl)amino-β-cyclodextrin. In certain embodiments, themodified β-cyclodextrin ishepta-6-(2′-hydroxyethylamino)-β-cyclodextrin. In other embodiments, themodified β-cyclodextrin is hepta-6-(hydrazino)-β-cyclodextrin.

In some embodiments, the macrocyclic compound may be suitable as a“guest” compound capable of forming a host:guest polymer complex with apolymer. In other embodiments, the macrocyclic compound may have “host”functionality. Exemplified macrocyclic compounds that have hostfunctionality includes, but are not limited to, cyclodextrins,cavitands, crown ethers, cryptands, cucurbiturils, calixarenes,spherands, and the like.

In some embodiments, the pendant polymer is a polymer that has achemical group to being pendant from the backbone of the pendantpolymer. The polymer backbone or main chain may be a substantiallylinear polymer. For example, it can be a long-chain carbon molecule,optionally substituted with nitrogen atoms or oxygen atoms. The backboneof the pendant polymer can be a homopolymer or copolymer. In someembodiments, the polymer backbone or main chain can be a homopolymer. Insome embodiments, a “homopolymer” is a polymer where only one type ofmonomers is used. Examples of homopolymers include, but are not limitedto, poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(meth)acrylic acid, polyacrylamide,poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide), poly(ethylene glycol),polyisoprene, poly(propylene glycol), poly(vinyl methyl ether),polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisobutylene, polybutadiene, polyureas,polysulfides, polydimethylsiloxane, polysaccharides (e.g., hyaluronicacid and pullulan), and polyesters. In some embodiments, the pendantpolymer backbone may be selected from the group consisting of poly(vinylalcohol), poly(ethylene glycol), poly(propylene glycol),polydimethylsiloxane, polyethylene, polypropylene, hyaluronic acid, andpullulan.

In some embodiments, the backbone or main chain of the pendant polymercan be a copolymer. A “copolymer” can be called “heteropolymer.” In someembodiments, a copolymer refers to a polymer derived from two or moremonomeric species. It can be a block copolymer, which includes two ormore chemically distinct homopolymer blocks linked by covalent bonds.The block copolymer can be a diblock copolymer, a triblock copolymer, ora block copolymer with more than three distinct blocks. For example, itcan be poly(vinyl alcohol)-poly(ethylene glycol) diblock copolymer orpoly(ethylene glycol)-poly(vinyl alcohol)-poly(ethylene glycol) triblockcopolymer. In some embodiments, the polymer backbone can be a polyester,for example, a polyester diblock copolymer. In certain embodiments, thepolymer backbone is polyserine-PEG. In other embodiments, the polymerbackbone is poly(lactic-b-glycolic acid). In some embodiments, thepolymer backbone of the pendant polymer is a polyamide, for example, apolyamide diblock copolymer. In certain embodiments, the polymerbackbone is a peptide-PEG diblock copolymer. The peptide-PEG diblockcopolymer can be a repeating tripeptide block that terminates in aPEG2000 with a 6-mer, 9-mer, or 12-mer peptide segment.

In some embodiments, the polymer backbone of the pendant polymercomprises poly(vinyl alcohol). In some embodiments, the polymer backboneof the pendant polymer is a poly(vinyl alcohol) homopolymer. In otherembodiments, the polymer backbone of the pendant to polymer is acopolymer comprising a poly(vinyl alcohol) monomer. In some embodiments,the polymer backbone of the pendant polymer is a polysaccharide,polyester, or polyamide. In some embodiments, the polymer backbone ofthe pendant polymer is hyaluronic acid. In other embodiments, thepolymer backbone of the pendant polymer is pullulan. In otherembodiments, the polymer backbone of the pendant polymer is apeptide-PEG diblock copolymer. In certain embodiments, the peptide-PEGdiblock copolymer can be a repeating tripeptide block that terminates ina PEG2000 with a 6-mer, 9-mer, or 12-mer peptide segment.

A pendant polymer can comprise one or more pendant groups. The term“pendant” can be referred to one or more groups covalently bound to thebackbone or main chain of a pendant polymer. The pendant groups suitablefor use in various embodiments can be either reactive (e.g., carboxylgroups) or generally non-reactive (e.g., unsubstituted, saturated alkylgroups). In some embodiments, the pendant group can be selected from thegroup consisting of poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(meth)acrylic acid,polyacrylamide, poly(ethylene oxide), poly(propylene oxide),poly(ethylene glycol), polyisoprene, poly(propylene glycol), poly(vinylmethyl ether), polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisobutylene,polybutadiene, polyureas, polysulfides, and polydimethylsiloxane. Insome embodiments, the pendant group can be poly(vinyl alcohol),poly(ethylene glycol), poly(propylene glycol), polydimethylsiloxane,polyethylene, or polypropylene. In certain embodiments, the pendantgroup can be polyethylene. In other embodiments, the pendant group canbe poly(ethylene glycol). In some embodiments, the pendant polymer ofthe nucleic acid complex of the invention comprises two distinct pendantgroups. In other embodiments, the pendant polymer of the nucleic acidcomplex of the invention comprises more than two distinct pendantgroups, for example, three distinct pendant groups.

In some embodiments, the pendant polymer in the present invention iscapable of forming a host:guest polymer complex with the macrocycliccompound of the invention via non-covalent bonding interactions. Thenon-covalent bonding interactions may include, but are not limited to,van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, andion-pairing interactions. In some embodiments, the host:guest polymercomplex includes a macrocyclic compound and a guest pendant group in amolar ratio of about 1:3. In some embodiments, the host:guest polymercomplex includes a macrocyclic compound and a guest pendant group in amolar ratio of about 1:2. In other embodiments, the host:guest polymercomplex includes a macrocyclic compound and a guest pendant group in amolar ratio of about 1:1. In some embodiments, the host:guest polymercomplex includes a macrocyclic compound and a guest pendant group in amolar ratio of about 2:1. In certain embodiments, the host:guest polymercomplex includes a macrocyclic compound and a guest pendant group in amolar ratio of about 3:1. In some embodiments, the “host:guest polymercomplex” refers to a host:guest pendant polymer complex as indicated inthe Examples of the present application.

The host or guest functionality of a pendant polymer may be part of thepolymer backbone, or present as an end-group, or may be present in oneor more pendant groups. In some embodiments, the pendant group of thependant polymer can have guest functionality. Examples of a pendantpolymer having guest functionality in its pendant groups include, butare not limited to, a polymer having pendant adamantane groups,diadamantane groups, naphthalene groups, and cholesterol groups, orderivatives or analogs thereof.

In some embodiments, the pendant group of a pendant polymer may be watersoluble, thus making the pendant polymer water soluble. Examples ofwater-soluble polymers include, but are limited to, polyethylene glycol,copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol,carboxymethyl cellulose, dextran, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and polyproline,or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pendant group is apoly(ethylene glycol) polymer.

In some embodiments, the pendant polymer can be modified to attachanother group that has guest functionality to form a host:guest polymercomplex with a compound having host functionality. In some embodiments,the attached group having guest function can be a hydrophobic group, ora derivative or analog thereof. The presence of a hydrophobic group, ora derivative or analog thereof, may promote disruption of biologicalmembranes to facilitate intracellular delivery of the nucleic acidcomplex of the invention. Thus, a hydrophobic pendant group may serve asa guest compound for a host:guest polymer complex and help transport anucleic acid into a cell by further forming a nucleic acid complex withthe nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic group isadamantane. In other embodiments, the hydrophobic to group is a drugmolecule, or a derivative or analog thereof, which is capable of forminga host:guest complex. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic group is alipid. The lipid includes, but is not limited to, (1) uncharged lipidcomponents, for example, cholesterol, ceramide, diacylglycerol,acyl(poly ethers) or alkylpoly(ethers); (2) neutral phospholipids, forexample, diacylphosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins, anddiacylphosphatidylethanolamines, (3) anionic lipids, for example,diacylphosphatidylserine, diacylphosphatidylglycerol,diacylphosphatidate, cardiolipin, diacylphosphatidylinositol,diacylglycerolhemisuccinate, diaclyglycerolhemigluratate,cholesterylhemisuccinate, cholesterylhemiglutarate, and the like; (4)polymer-conjugated lipids, for example, N-[methoxy-(poly(ethyleneglycol)diacylphosphatidylethanolamine, poly(ethyleneglycol)-diacylglycerol, poly(ethylene glycol)-ceramide; and (5) cationiclipids, for example, 1,2,-diacyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP),dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDAB), and1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine. In some embodiments, thelipid is cholesterol. In other embodiments, the lipid is a phospholipid.In certain embodiments, the lipid is an anionic lipid, for example,cholesterolhemiglutarate.

In some embodiments, the hydrophobic group can be attached to thepolymer backbone or main chain through a linkage. In some embodiments,the linkage can be designed to be easily broken, thus removing thehydrophobic group from the polymer backbone under certain conditions. Insome embodiments, the linkage can be acid-labile. For example, thelinkage can be an acetal or ketal moiety. For example, benzylidene oracetonide (isopropylidene). As a result, the acetal linkage or the ketallinkage can be cleaved under acidic conditions. In some embodiments, thelinkage is an acetal moiety. In certain embodiments, the acetal moietyis benzylidene or its derivatives.

In some embodiments, the hydrophobic group is attached to the polymerbackbone of a pendant polymer through a benzylidene linkage. Such alinkage can be cleaved under acidic conditions. In some embodiments, ahydrophobic group is attached to the backbone of a pendant polymer viathe benzylidene linkage. In certain embodiments, the hydrophobic groupis cholesterol. In other embodiments, the hydrophobic group isadamantane. In certain embodiments, the hydrophobic group is a drugmolecule.

In some embodiments, a large pendant group of the pendant polymer in thenucleic acid complex may help stabilize the nucleic acid complex in thepresence of serum. In certain embodiments, the pendant group of thependant polymer can have an average molecular weight of from about 250Da to about 3000 Da. In some embodiments, the pendant group of thependant polymer can have an average molecular weight of about 250 Da orless. In certain embodiments, the pendant group of the pendant polymercan have an average molecular weight of from about 250 Da to about 750Da. In some embodiments, the pendant group of the pendant polymer canhave an average molecular weight of from about 500 Da to about 750 Da.In certain embodiments, the pendant group of the pendant polymer canhave an average molecular weight of about 750 Da. In other embodiments,the pendant group of the pendant polymer can have an average molecularweight of from about 750 Da to about 3000 Da. In some embodiments, thependant group of the pendant polymer can have an average molecularweight of from about 750 Da to about 1000 Da. In some embodiments, thependant group of the pendant polymer can have an average molecularweight of from about 1000 Da to about 3000 Da. In some embodiments, thependant group of the pendant polymer can have an average molecularweight of from about 1000 Da to about 2000 Da. In certain embodiments,the pendant group of the pendant polymer can have an average molecularweight of about 2000 Da. In some embodiments, the pendant group of thependant polymer can have an average molecular weight of from about 2000Da to about 3000 Da. In certain embodiments, the pendant group of thependant polymer can have an average molecular weight of about 3000 Da ormore.

In some embodiments, the backbone of the pendant polymer in the nucleicacid complex of the invention can have an average molecular weight ofabout 27 kDa. In some embodiments, the backbone of the pendant polymercan have an average molecular weight of about 10 kDa or less. In otherembodiments, the backbone of the pendant polymer can have an averagemolecular weight of from about 10 kDa to about 40 kDa. In someembodiments, the backbone of the pendant polymer can have an averagemolecular weight of from about 20 kDa to about 40 kDa. In certainembodiments, the backbone of the pendant polymer can have an averagemolecular weight of about 30 kDa to about 40 kDa. In some embodiments,the backbone of the pendant polymer can have an average molecular weightof about 40 kDa or more.

In some embodiments, the “average molecular weight” can refer to theweight average molecular weight (Mw) that can be calculated byMw=ΣN _(i) M _(i) ² /ΣN _(i) M _(i)

where N_(i) is the number of molecules of molecular weight M_(i).

The molar ratio between the amine nitrogen in the functionalizedmacrocyclic compound and the phosphate in the nucleic acid (N:P ratio)may affect the degree to which the nucleic acid may be condensed into anucleic acid complex. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the aminenitrogen in the macrocyclic compound to the phosphate in the nucleicacid is from about 0.1:1 to about 100:1. In some embodiments, the molarratio of the amine nitrogen in the macrocyclic compound to the phosphatein the nucleic acid is from about 1:1 to about 50:1. In someembodiments, the molar ratio of the amine nitrogen in the macrocycliccompound to the phosphate in the nucleic acid is from about 1:1 to about40:1. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the amine nitrogen in themacrocyclic compound to the phosphate in the nucleic acid is from about1:1 to about 5:1. In other embodiments, the molar ratio of the aminenitrogen in the macrocyclic compound to the phosphate in the nucleicacid is from about 5:1 to about 40:1. In other embodiments, the molarratio of the amine nitrogen in the macrocyclic compound to the phosphatein the nucleic acid is from about 5:1 to about 30:1. In certainembodiments, the molar ratio of the amine nitrogen in the macrocycliccompound to the phosphate in the nucleic acid is from about 5:1 to about20:1. In certain embodiments, the molar ratio of the amine nitrogen inthe macrocyclic compound to the phosphate in the nucleic acid is fromabout 10:1 to about 20:1.

In some embodiments, the backbone of the pendant polymer, bearing apendant group, in the nucleic acid complex of the invention is modifiedby attachment to a hydrophobic group. The molar ratio of the hydrophobicgroup to the pendant group can be from about 10:1 to about 0.1:1, orfrom about 10:1 to about 0.2:1, or from about 10:1 to about 0.3:1, orfrom about 10:1 to about 0.5:1. The molar ratio of the hydrophobic groupto the pendant group can be from 5:1 to about 0.1:1, or from about 5:1to about 0.2:1, or from about 5:1 to about 0.3:1, or from about 5:1 toabout 0.5:1. The molar ratio of the hydrophobic group to the pendantgroup can be from about 2:1 to about 0.5:1. The molar ratio of thehydrophobic group to the pendant group can be from 2:1 to about 0.3:1,or from about 2:1 to about 0.2:1, or from about 2:1 to about 0.1:1. Themolar ratio of the hydrophobic groups to the pendant group can be from1:1 to about 0.5:1, or from about 1:1 to about 0.3:1, or from about 1:1to about 0.5:1, or from about 1:1 to about 0.1:1.

As will be appreciated in the art, when the components of the nucleicacid complex of the present invention, including a nucleic acid, amacrocyclic compound, and a pendant polymer, produce a neutral orslightly negatively-charged complex, the formed nucleic acid complexconstitutes a desired combination of these components. The surfacecharge of the nucleic acid complex of the invention can be determined byzeta potential measurements. The nucleic acid complex of the presentinvention, in some embodiments, has a surface charge that is slightlynegative, for example, a zeta potential of from about −20 mV to about 0mV. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid complex of the invention hasa surface charge of from about −15 mV to about 0 mV. In certainembodiments, the nucleic acid complex of the invention has a surfacecharge of from about −10 mV to about 0 mV. In certain embodiments, thenucleic acid complex of the invention has a surface charge of from about−5 mV to about 0 mV. In other embodiments, the nucleic acid complexproduces nearly neural surface charges. In certain embodiments, when thesurface charge of the nucleic acid complex is about neural, the N:Pratio is about 20. In some embodiments, when the surface charge of thenucleic acid complex is about neural, the N:P ratio is from about 5 toabout 20. In certain embodiments, when the surface charge of the nucleicacid complex is about neural, the N:P ratio is from about 5 to about 10.In other embodiments, when the surface charge of the nucleic acidcomplex is about neural, the N:P ratio is from about 10 to about 20.

In one aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising the nucleic acid complex of the invention toproduce a pharmaceutical for delivering a nucleic acid into a cell.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises apharmaceutically effective amount of the nucleic acid complex and one ormore to pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. The pharmaceuticalcomposition may include one or additional therapeutic agents.

The pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be formulated in avariety of ways, including, for example, solid, semi-solid, and liquiddosage forms, such as liquid solutions, dispersions or suspensions,tablets, pills, powders, liposomes, micelles, nanoparticles, andsuppositories. In some embodiments, the composition is in the form ofinjectable or infusible solutions.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition of the presentinvention may contain various additives such as isotonizing agents,excipients, diluents, thickeners, stabilizers, buffers, andpreservatives. The amounts of such additives can be suitably selectedaccording to the form of use of the nucleic acid complex composition.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition can include apharmaceutically acceptable filler excipient. A wide variety ofexcipients may be utilized as fillers for inclusion in compositionscontaining the nucleic acid complex of the invention. For example,examples of the filler excipient may include, but is not limited to,sugars, sugar alcohols, starches, celluloses, and combinations thereof.In some embodiments, the filler excipient can include lactose, sucrose,trehalose, dextrose, galactose, mannitol, maltitol, maltose, sorbitol,xylitol, mannose, glucose, fructose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, glycine,maltodextrin, hydroxymethyl starch, gelatin, sorbitol, ficol, sodiumchloride, calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, polyethylene glycol, andcombinations thereof. In some embodiments, the filler excipient can besucrose. In certain embodiments, the filler excipient can be lactose.

It is an important aspect of the present invention to prepare a nucleicacid complex including a nucleic acid, a macrocyclic compound, and apendant polymer.

The present invention, in some embodiments, provides a method ofpreparing a nucleic acid complex including a nucleic acid, a macrocycliccompound, and a pendant polymer, comprising the steps of (a) contactingthe macrocyclic compound with the pendant to polymer to form ahost:guest polymer complex; and (b) condensing the host:guest polymercomplex with the nucleic acid to form the nucleic acid complex.

The macrocyclic compound can be prepared by means known in the art. Insome embodiments, the macrocyclic compound can be synthesized asexemplified in Examples 1-5 and 14-16.

The pendant group of a pendant polymer can be pre-formed within thepolymer structure through choice of suitable reactive monomers.Alternatively, after a substantially linear polymer, e.g., the backboneof a pendant polymer, is formed, it can be attached to a pendant group.In some embodiments, the pendant polymer can be further modified to linka group, e.g., a hydrophobic group, which may have host and/or guestfunctionality. In other embodiments, the backbone of a pendant polymercan be modified to link a lipid group, followed by attachment of apendant group to the backbone of the pendant polymer, thus yielding apendant polymer bearing both a lipid group and a pendant group. In someembodiments, the lipid group may refer to another pendant group asindicated in the Examples of the present application.

In some embodiments, the hydrophobic group can be linked to the polymerbackbone via an acetal linkage, and the pendant group can be attached tothe polymer backbone by a relatively stable covalent bond under acidicconditions. Thus, under an acidic condition, the acetal linkage may bedestroyed thus releasing the hydrophobic group from the linkage to thebackbone of the pendant polymer, while the pendant group may stay withthe polymer backbone.

For a pendant polymer having a lipid group and a pendant group, it canbe prepared by treatment of the backbone polymer with an aldehyde whenan acetal is a linkage to the lipid group, followed by addition of acompound containing the lipid group. Subsequently, the pendant group canbe connected to the backbone of the pendant polymer by reactions knownin the art.

The host:guest polymer complex can be synthesized in a variety of ways,for example, by combining the pendant polymer and the macrocycliccompound in water or an aqueous solution. The pendant polymer and themacrocyclic compound can self-assemble to form a non-covalent host:guestpolymer complex. The self-assembling of the pendant polymer and themacrocyclic compound may take place at about 20° C. In some embodiments,the formation of the pendant polymer complex may take place at about 20°C. or lower. In some embodiments, the formation of the host:guestpolymer complex may take place at an elevated temperature, for example,from about 20° C. to about 70° C., or from about 20° C. to about 50° C.In some embodiments, the temperature can be from about 50° C. to about70° C. In certain embodiments, the temperature can be about 70° C. orhigher.

In some embodiments, the host:guest polymer complex can be isolated andpurified and then is stored ready for the next reaction steps. In someembodiments, it is not necessary to isolate or purify the host:guestpolymer complex from reaction mixtures. The host:guest polymer complexcan be used for next steps upon formation.

The host:guest polymer complex can form a nucleic acid complex with anucleic acid via multivalent electrostatic interactions. In someembodiments, the host:guest polymer complex is capable of condensing anucleic acid into compact and uniform spherical particles.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid complex of the present inventioncan be in the form of nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the size ofthe nanoparticles can be about 100 nm or less. In other embodiments, thesize of the nanoparticles can range from about 100 nm to about 200 nm.In some embodiments, the size of the nanoparticles can range from about100 nm to about 120 nm. In other embodiments, the size of thenanoparticles can range from about 120 nm to about 200 nm. In someembodiments, the size of the nanoparticles can range from about 120 nmto about 150 nm. In other embodiments, the size of the nanoparticles canrange from about 150 nm to about 200 nm. In certain embodiments, thesize of the nanoparticles can range from about 150 nm to about 170 nm.In other embodiments, the size of the nanoparticles can range from about170 nm to about 200 nm. In certain embodiments, the size of thenanoparticles can be about 200 nm or greater.

In some embodiments, the size of the nanoparticles can range from about200 nm to about 5500 nm. In some embodiments, the size of thenanoparticles can range from about 200 nm to about 4000 nm. In someembodiments, the size of the nanoparticles can range from about 200 nmto about 3000 nm. In some embodiments, the size of the nanoparticles canrange from about 200 nm to about 2000 nm. In some embodiments, the sizeof the nanoparticles can range from about 200 nm to about 1000 nm. Insome embodiments, the size of the nanoparticles can range from about 200nm to about 500 nm. In some embodiments, the size of the nanoparticlescan range from about 200 nm to about 400 nm. In some embodiments, thesize of the nanoparticles can range from about 200 nm to about 300 nm.In some embodiments, the size of the nanoparticles can range from about200 nm to about 250 nm.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a method of preparinga nucleic acid complex including a nucleic acid, a macrocyclic compound,and a pendant polymer, comprising the steps of (a) contacting thenucleic acid with the macrocyclic compound to form an intermediatenucleic acid complex; and (b) condensing the intermediate nucleic acidcomplex with the pendant polymer to form the nucleic acid complex.

In some embodiments, mixing a nucleic acid, for example, siRNA, with amacrocyclic compound at 25° C. can lead to the formation of anintermediate nucleic acid complex. In other embodiments, the formationof the nucleic acid complex can be achieved at about 0° C. or at atemperature between −10° C. and 60° C., for example, at about 20° C. Incertain embodiments, the temperature is below 0° C., for example, about−5° C. or about −10° C. In some embodiments, the temperature is fromabout −10° C. to about 0° C. In some embodiments, the temperature isfrom about 0° C. to about 45° C. In other embodiments, the temperatureis from about 0° C. to about 20° C. In certain embodiments, thetemperature is from about 20° C. to about 45° C. In some embodiments,the temperature is from about 45° C. to about 60° C. In certainembodiments, the temperature is about 60° C. or above. In someembodiments, the mixing of a nucleic acid and a macrocyclic compound canbe conducted in water or an aqueous solution. The intermediate nucleicacid can further complexed with a pendant polymer to form a nucleic acidcomplex of the present invention.

The nucleic acid complex of the present invention can be characterizedby a variety of methods as known in the art. For example, the formationof the nucleic acid complex can be measured by Zeta potentials, dynamiclight scattering, and visualized by AFM images. For example, dynamiclight scattering of a nucleic acid complex can reveal the average sizeof the nucleic acid complex.

It is an important aspect of the present invention that the nucleic acidcomplex can be used for delivery of a nucleic acid to a cell. In someembodiments, the cell is a cancer cell.

In some embodiments, the method comprises the step of bringing a nucleicacid complex comprising a nucleic acid into contact with the cell,wherein the nucleic acid complex comprises the nucleic acid, amacrocyclic compound, and a pendant polymer, wherein the pendant polymeris modified with a hydrophobic group, and wherein the macrocycliccompound and the pendant polymer form a host:guest polymer complex. Insome embodiments, the nucleic acid is siRNA or pDNA. In someembodiments, the nucleic acid is siRNA. In other embodiments, thenucleic acid is pDNA. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic group is alipid.

In some embodiments, the macrocyclic compound is a modifiedcyclodextrin. In other embodiments, the modified cyclodextrin is amodified β-cyclodextrin comprising an amino moiety. In certainembodiments, the macrocyclic compound ismono-6-(amino)-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin,mono-6-(N,N′-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine)-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin, ormono-6-(N′-(2-aminoethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine)-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin,hepta-6-(2′-aminoethyl)amino-β-cyclodextrin,hepta-6-(2′-hydroxyethylamino)-β-cyclodextrin, orhepta-6-(hydrazino)-β-cyclodextrin.

In some embodiments, the pendant polymer comprises a poly(vinylalcohol), polysaccharide, polyester, or polyamide backbone.

In some embodiments, the pendant polymer comprises a poly(vinyl alcohol)backbone.

In some embodiments, the pendant polymer comprises a poly(ethyleneglycol) pendant group.

In some embodiments, the hydrophobic group is cholesterol, or aderivative or analog thereof, and the cholesterol, or a derivative oranalog thereof, is linked through an acetal linkage to the backbone ofthe pendant polymer.

In some embodiments, the host:guest polymer complex condenses thenucleic acid to form a nanoparticle in a size of from about 120 nm toabout 170 nm

In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro or in vivo. In someembodiments, the cell is in vitro. In other embodiments, the cell is invivo.

In some embodiments, the cell is a cancer cell.

In some embodiments, the method for bringing the nucleic acid complex,or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the same, into contact with acell is not limited, as long as a suitable amount of the nucleic acidcomplex is brought into contact with the cell into which the nucleicacid is to be introduced. In some embodiments, the contact can becarried out in the presence of blood serum. In some embodiments, thecontact can be carried out by direct injection into a tissue;intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, orintraocular injection, or injection into the digestive tract, a tooth,or the like.

In some embodiments, the cell into which a nucleic acid is delivered canbe a cultured cell, a cell isolated from an organism (includingestablished cell lines), a cell in vivo, and may be derived from a humanor a non-human animal. The nucleic acid complex can be applied either invitro or in vivo.

When the nucleic acid is siRNA, the corresponding siRNA complex showed agene knockdown efficiency of about 65% or above. In some embodiments,the gene knockdown efficiency is from about 50% to about 95%. In otherembodiments, the gene knockdown efficiency is from about 60% to about95%. In some embodiments, the gene knockdown efficiency is from about65% to 95%. In other embodiments, the gene knockdown efficiency is fromabout 65% to about 85%. In certain embodiments, the gene knockdownefficiency is from about 70% to about 85%. In some embodiments, the geneknockdown efficiency is about 95% or higher.

The nucleic acid complex of the invention offers a low toxicity and highefficiency system for delivering a nucleic acid to a cell based onself-assembly of a macrocyclic compound with a hydrophobically-modifiedpendant polymer. The backbone of the pendant polymer, linked to thehydrophobic group via a pH-sensitive acetal linkage, provides a scaffoldfor binding of the macrocyclic molecule that is capable of condensingthe nucleic acid into nanoparticles. The hydrophobic group is capable ofdegrading within acidic endosomes to effect the release of the nucleicacid from the nucleic acid complex through breakage of the acetallinkage. The nucleic acid complex of the present invention is nearly 3-4orders of magnitude less cytotoxic than conventional cationic polymertransfection agent, for example, polyethylene imine (PEI) which iswidely investigated as a gene carrier. Further, the nucleic acid complexof the present invention is capable of achieving transfectionsefficiencies that are comparable and superior to those of 25 kD bPEI.When the nucleic acid is siRNA, the siRNA complex of the presentinvention can safely and effectively deliver the siRNA into a cell andthe siRNA can be freed inside of endosomes under its acidic environment,thus efficiently silencing disease-related genes.

It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the presentinvention is not limited by what has been particularly shown anddescribed herein above. Rather the scope of the present inventionincludes both combinations and subcombinations of the various featuresdescribed hereinabove as well as variations and modifications whichwould occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the specificationand which are not in the prior art.

The invention will be further illustrated with reference to thefollowing illustrative examples, which are not intended to limit thescope of the invention in any manner.

EXAMPLES

Materials and Methods

All solvents were of reagent grade, purchased from commercial sources,and used without further purification, except DMF and toluene, whichwere dried over CaH₂ under N₂, filtered and distilled under reducedpressure. β-CD, cholesteryl chloroformate, bromopropylaminehydrobromide, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, Na₂CO₃, 1,1-carbonyldiimidazole(CDI), and p-toluenesulfonyl acid (pTSA) and p-toluenesulfonyl chloridewere obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Qiagen kits were purchased fromQiagen. ¹H NMR spectra were recorded on a 300 MHz VARIAN INOVA 300 NMRspectrometer at 30° C. Chemical shifts were referenced to the residualprotonated solvent peak.

Anti-GFP siRNA and Allstars negative control siRNA were procured fromQiagen and the CHO-GFP cells were provided by Prof. Z. R. Lu from CaseWestern University.

Dynamic Light Scattering and Atomic Force Microscopy

The sizes, size distributions and zeta potentials of the materials wereevaluated by dynamic light scattering using a particle size analyzer(Zetasizer Nano S, Malvern Instruments Ltd.) at 20° C. with a scatteringangle of 90°. AFM imaging of the nanoparticles was conducted in tappingmode (MultiMode, Veeco, USA) using dry samples on mica. The AFM tips(PPP-NCH, Nanoscience Instruments, Inc., USA) had a typical radius of 7nm or less, and the images were recorded with a scan rate of 0.5 or 1Hz. Samples were prepared by dropping 2 mL of solution on a micasurface, followed by overnight drying at 20° C.

Cell Viability Assay (1)

The cytotoxicity of the amino-CD derivatives in comparison with bPEI (25kDa) was evaluated using the MTS assay in CHO-GFP cell lines. Therelative cell viabilities were measured as a function of amine densitiesof the polymers. The cells were cultured in complete F12 mediumsupplemented with 10% FBS at 37° C., 5% CO₂, and 95% relative humidity.The cells were seeded in a 96-well microtiter plate (Nunc, Wiesbaden,Germany) at densities of 10,000 cells/wells. After 24 h, culture mediawere replaced with serum-free culture media containing increasing amineconcentrations of amino-CD, polymer and the polymer:CD complexes and thecells were incubated for 24 h. After 24 h, 15 μl of MTS reagent wasadded to each well and incubated for 2 h. Following the incubationperiod, the to absorbance was measured using a microplate reader(Spectra Plus, TECAN) at a wavelength of 492 nm. The relative cellviability (%) related to control cells cultured in media withoutpolymers was calculated with [A]_(test)/[A]_(control)×100%, where[A]_(test) is the absorbance of the wells with polymers and[A]_(control) is the absorbance of the control wells. All experimentswere conducted for three samples and averaged. The median lethal dose(LD₅₀) is the dose of a toxic material that kills half (50%) of thecells tested. In this study, LD₅₀ was the concentration of a genecarrier at which the relative cell viability decreased to 50%.

Cell Viability Assay (2)

The cytotoxicity of the amino-β-CD⁺ complexes relative to bPEI (25 kDa)was evaluated using the MTT assay in HeLa cells. The cells were culturedin DMEM medium supplemented with 10% FBS at 37° C., 5% CO₂, and 95%relative humidity. The cells were seeded in 96-well microtiter plates(Nunc, Wiesbaden, Germany) at densities of 10,000 cells/well. After 24h, the culture medium was replaced with serum-supplemented culturemedium containing serial dilutions of amino-β-CD⁺, and the cellsincubated for an additional 24 h. Then, 10 μL of sterile-filtered MTTstock solution in PBS (5 mg/mL) was added to the wells, reaching a finalMTT concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. After 5 h, unreacted dye was removed byaspiration. The formazan crystals were dissolved in DMSO (100 μL/well),and the absorbance at 570 nm measured using a microplate reader (SpectraPlus, TECAN). The percent cell viability, compared to control cellscultured in media without polymers, was calculated as[A]_(test)/[A]_(control)×100%, where [A]_(test) is the absorbance of thewells with polymers and [A]_(control) is the absorbance of the controlwells. Experiments were conducted in triplicate and averaged. The medianlethal dose (LD₅₀) is the dose of a toxic material that kills half (50%)of the cells tested. In this study, LD₅₀ was taken as the concentrationof a gene carrier causing a relative cell viability decrease to 50%.

In Vitro Gene Knockdown Experiment

CHO-GFP cells were cultured in complete F12 medium supplemented with 10%FBS at 37° C., 5% CO₂, and 95% relative humidity. 150,000 cells/wellwere seeded in a 24 well plate. After 48 h, the culture media wasreplaced with serum-supplemented media containing the siRNA complexes.The cells were incubated with the complexes for 4 h, after which thespent media was aspirated and fresh serum-supplemented media was added.After 24 h incubation, the media was aspirated and the cells were washedwith PBS, trypsinized and analyzed by FACS using the FL1 channel. Thepercentages of cells displaying GFP fluorescence were calculated withrespect to the number of cells showing a loss in fluorescence relativeto the untreated samples.

Gel Shift Assay

The complexation ability of the systems was studied by gel shift assay.Agarose gels (1% w/v) containing ethidium bromide were made in 1× TEbuffer. Transfection complexes were loaded onto the gel at various N:Pratios and 200 ng of DNA added to the wells. The gels were run at 50 Vfor about 1 h and visualized.

In Vitro Transfection of mhGFP pDNA

HeLa cells were cultured in DMEM medium supplemented with 10% FBS at 37°C., 5% CO₂, and 95% relative humidity. Cells were seeded in 24 wellplates at a density of 100,000 cells/well. After 48 h, the culture mediawas replaced with media (serum-free or 10% serum-supplemented)containing the transfection complexes prepared at a 20:1 N:P ratio usingmhGFP pDNA. The cells were incubated with the transfection complexes for24 h, after which the spent media was aspirated and freshserum-supplemented media was added. After incubation for 24 h, the mediawas aspirated and the cells washed with PBS, trypsinized and analyzed byFACS using excitation and emission filters of 488 nm and 530 nm,respectively.

Example 1 Synthesis of mono-6-(p-toluenesulfonyl)-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin(β-CD-OTs)

β-Cyclodextrin (35.0 g, 30.8 mmol) was dissolved in 350 mL H₂O with1-(p-toluenesulfonyl)imidazole (8.9 g, 40.0 mmol) and stirred at 20° C.for 4 h. NaOH (50 mL, 20% w/v) was then added to the mixture and stirredfor 10 min, inducing a precipitate. The precipitate was filtered off andthe filtrate was collected, then neutralized to pH 7 with ˜25 g NH₄Cl toform another precipitate. This precipitate was collected by filtrationand washed with 100 mL of H₂O three times and 100 mL of acetone twiceand dried overnight under vacuum. Since both mono- and ditosylate formsexisted along with unreacted β-CD, an HP20 (C 18) column was run. Themixture was loaded in bulk water and eluted with water until no moreβ-CD-OH emerged, at which point methanol was used as eluent andfractions were collected. Fractions were confirmed via TLC usingisopropanol:H₂O:EtOAc:30% NH₄OH (3:2:1:1) as solvent and acid stain (20%H₂SO₄) visualization. Yield: 12.3 g (35.1%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-D₆,δ): 7.80-7.66 (d, 2H, S-Benzene), 7.50-7.33 (d, 2H, Benz-CH₃), 5.93-5.48(b, 14H, OH on C2, C3 of CD), 4.87-4.70 (s, 7H, C1H of CD), 4.63-4.08(b, 6H, OH on C6 of CD), 3.75-3.43 (m, 28H, C2H, C3H, C4H, and C5H ofCD, overlap with HDO), 3.43-3.11 (m, 14H, C6H of CD), 2.43-2.34 (s, 3H,CH₃ on OTs).

Example 2 Synthesis of mono-6-azido-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin (β-CD-N₃)

β-CD-OTs (5.326 g, 4.131 mmol) was dissolved in 500 mL H₂O with NaN₃(7.5 g, 115.367 mmol) and stirred at reflux overnight. The mixture wasthen cooled to 20° C. and filtered, with the filtrate being concentrateddown to at least 5% of the original volume. Trichloroethylene (20 mL)was then added dropwise and the solution was stirred for 30 min at 20°C. The resulting biphasic mixture was then centrifuged at 4000 rpm for12 minutes at 15° C. The bottom phase and intermediate white solid werecollected and trichloroethylene was removed under reduced pressure andthe solid dried further under vacuum. Impure yield=4.3 g (89.7%). Thecrude sample was taken to next step for reduction without furtherpurification.

Example 3 Synthesis of mono-6-amino-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin (1)

β-CD-N₃ (4.565 g, 3.935 mmol) was dissolved in 30 mL DMF with Ph₃P (1.5g, 5.7 mmol) and stirred at 20° C. for 3 h. NH₄OH (20 mL, 30% v/v) wasthen added and stirred overnight. The mixture was then precipitated in400 mL acetone and dried under vacuum to give a crude solid product.Yield=3.2 g (71.7%). The crude product was then dissolved in mL H₂O andthe undissolved β-CD-N₃ was filtered off. This solution was then loadedonto an IEX column (BioRex 70, 100-200 mesh, NH₄ ⁺ form, partiallypressure packed in an empty SNAP 100 g cartridge) and run on a BiotageSP40 system at 15 mL/min 500 mL (3.7 CV) was eluted to remove anyunreacted OTs and N₃, followed by 1 CV 0.1 M NH₄OH, 1 CV 0.5 NH₄OH, and5 CV 1M NH₄OH to remove the β-CD-NH₂. Fractions were checked via 80:20MeOH:H₂O TLC with anisaldehyde staining. The appropriate fractions werecombined and concentrated by rotary evaporation to give pure product.Yield=1.429 g (32.0%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O, δ): 5.04-4.88 (s, 7H, C1Hof CD), 3.94-3.66 (m, 28H, C2H, C3H, C4H, and C5H of CD), 3.63-3.32 (m,14H, C6H of CD), 3.13-3.05 (d, 1H, NH₂), 2.90-2.79 (b, 1H, NH₂).

Example 4 Synthesis ofMono-6-(N,N′-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine)-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin (2)

β-CD-OTs (500.0 mg, 0.388 mmol) was dissolved in 5 mL dry DMF with 100mg NaI. N,N′-Dimethylethane-1,2-diamine (1.28 mL, 11.72 mmol) was thenadded under N₂ and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at 70° C.under N₂. The next day the reaction mixture was cooled and precipitatedin 50 mL acetone, giving a white precipitate. Unreacted tosylate wasremoved via the same ion-exchange methods as described above forβ-CD-NH₂. Yield=374 mg (80.0%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, D₂O, δ): 5.02-4.87 (s,7H, C1H of CD), 3.93-3.64 (m, 29H, C2H, C3H, C4H, and C5H of CD and NH),3.61-3.29 (m, 14H, C6H of CD), 3.01-2.36 (m, 10H, N¹—CH₂, N²—CH₂, andN²—(CH₃)₂).

Example 5 Synthesis ofMono-6-(N′-(2-aminoethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine)-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin (3)

This compound was prepared in the same manner as Compound 2, except thatN′-(2-aminoethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine was used as the nucleophile insteadof N,N′-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine. Yield=408 mg (86.3%). ¹H NMR (300MHz, D₂O, δ): 5.02-4.89 (s, 7H, C1H of CD), 3.89-3.69 (m, 30H, C2H, C3H,C4H, and C5H of CD, N1H, and N2H), 3.58-3.40 (m, 16H, C6H of CD,N¹—CH₂), 3.58-3.40 (m, 4H, N²—CH₂, NH₂—CH₂), 3.13-3.05 (m, 2H, N²—CH₂),2.99-2.62 (b, 2H, NH₂).

Example 6 Synthesis of cholesteryl-(3-bromopropyl)carbamate (Chol-BPA)

Cholesteryl chloroformate (1.63 g, 3.63 mmol) was dissolved in 10 mL dryDCM with 1.68 mL N,N-diisopropylethylamine (9.65 mmol) followed by theaddition of bromopropylamine-HBr (0.5 g, 3.6 mmol) under N₂. Thereaction mixture was stirred under N₂ overnight at 20° C., and thenwashed three times with water and dried over Na₂SO₄. The productsolution was then loaded on a Biotage SP40 system (M40 Si column, 20mL/min, 20 mL DCM loading ˜2 g) and eluted with 6 CV of 99:1 DCM:Et₂O.Yield: 1.126 g (56.8%). NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 5.41-5.32 (s, 1H,Vinyl-H), 4.82-4.67 (b, 1H, NHCOO—CH), 4.60-4.43 (b, 1H, NH), 3.50-3.38(t, 2H, Br—CH₂), 3.37-3.26 (q, 2H, CH₂—NHCOO), 2.440-0.78 (m, 42H,cholesteryl), 0.69-0.63 (s, 3H, —CH₃).

Example 7 Synthesis of Chol-Ph-CHO

Chol-BPA (1.126 g, 2.045 mmol) was dissolved in bulk acetone with4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (250 mg, 2.047 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (0.707 mg, 5.115mmol) and then heated at reflux overnight. The acetone was removed andreplaced with ˜20 mL DCM, and the solution was washed with H₂O threetimes and dried over Na₂SO₄. The product solution was then loaded on thesame Biotage system (M40 Si column, 35 mL DCM loading ˜1 g) and elutedwith 4.1 CV of 99:1 DCM:Et₂O at 10 mL/min, 3 CV at 15 mL/min, 2 CV at 20mL/min, and 1 CV of 40:60 DCM:Ether at 40 mL/min Yield: 310 mg (25.6%).¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃, δ): 9.95-9.84 (s, 1H, CHO), 7.92-7.76 (d, 2H,CHO-Benz), 7.08-6.93 (d, 2H, OCH₂-Benz), 5.41-5.32 (s, 1H, Vinyl-H),4.90-4.75 (b, 1H, NHCOO—CH), 4.59-4.39 (b, 1H, NH), 4.19-4.03 (t, 2H,BenzO—CH₂), 3.48-3.30 (b, 2H, CH₂—NHCOO), 2.38-0.79 (m, 42H,cholesteryl), 0.71-0.61 (s, 3H, —CH₃).

Example 8 Synthesis of Chol-PVA

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (MW=27 kDa) (243.0 mg, 0.009 mmol) was dissolved in15 mL DMSO at 75° C., followed by the addition of Chol-HB (800.0 mg,1.35 mmol) and pTSA (100 mg, 0.580 mmol). The solution was stirred for 2d at 75° C., then cooled to room temperature and precipitated in acetoneto give a crude white solid. Yield: ˜1 g. Due to the poor solubility ofthis intermediate, the crude product was taken directly to the next stepwithout further purification or characterization.

Example 9 Synthesis of Chol-PVA-PEG

PVA-Chol (250 mg, 0.0034 mmol) was dissolved in 15 mL DMSO withcarbonyldiimidazole (47.2 mg, 0.29 mmol) under N₂ for 1 d followed bythe addition of H₂N-PEG2000-OMe (1.2 g, 0.60 mmol) under N₂ for anadditional day. The crude mixture was then loaded into a dialysis bag(FisherBrand, 6000-8000 MWCO) and dialyzed against DMSO and H₂O for 2 deach followed by lyophilization. Yield over two steps: 429.91 mg,(47.0%). Pendant groups: Chol-HB: ˜15.17H (PVA) per unit, ˜80.82 units,˜13.2% of PVA-OH (loading); PEG2000-OMe: ˜7.45H (PVA) per unit, ˜164.56units, ˜26.9% of PVA-OH (loading). Approximate MW by NMR: ˜406.53 kDa.1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-D₆, δ): 7.72-7.44 (m, aromatic of Chol-HB),6.00-5.90 (t, CH of acetal), 4.70-4.61 (s, NH of PEG), 4.49-4.39 (s, NHof Chol-HB), 4.23-4.15 (s, Ar—O—CH2), 3.95-3.67 (b, OH of PVA),3.59-3.05 (m, PEG CH₂ and CH₃), 1.97-0.58 (m, residual cholesteryl,overlap with PVA), 1.78-1.11 (b, PVA CH and CH₂, overlap with residualcholesteryl).

Example 10 Evaluation of Non-Covalent Pendant Polymer Assemblies toCondense siRNA

Two different complexation methods (FIG. 28) were used to evaluate therelative capacity of Chol-PVA-PEG:amino-β-CDs guest:host polymerassemblies toward siRNA condensation.

In Method A, Chol-PVA-PEG was pre-associated with amino-β-CDs beforeaddition to the siRNA solution. In Method B, the siRNA was firstcomplexed with amino-β-CDs, followed by addition of Chol-PVA-PEG. Zetapotentials were measured for both types of complexes to determine thesurface charge of the resulting transfection particles (Table 1 and FIG.9). This data showed that complexes formed by both methods, had slightlynegative zeta potentials (ζ<−8 mV). As the N/P ratio increases from 10to 20, the ζ-potential approaches neutral. Method B (ζ−16 mV-−12 mV)particles were shown to be more negatively charged than those producedby Method A (ζ−10 mV-−8 mV). Amongst the CD variants, particlesformulated from 1 had the lowest observed ζ, followed by 2 and 3,respectively. The absence of a positive charge on the surface could bedue to the high loading of PEG on the polymer backbone, which is able toeffectively shield the positive charges arising from the cationic CDs.These results are encouraging since a positive surface charge isconsidered to be one of the major reasons for nanoparticle opsonizationor macrophage uptake (Shan, et al. Coll. Surfaces B: Bioint, 2009, 72,303). Gabizon and Papahadjopoulos have previously shown that liposomeswith a slight negative charge have prolonged circulation times andenhanced tumor uptake due to RES evasion (Gabizon, et al. Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA, 1988, 85, 6949).

TABLE 1 Zeta Potential Measurement of Chol-PVA-PEG:Amonia-β-CD:siRNAcomplexes N/P # 10 N/P # 20 Method of Std. Std. Amino-β-CD formulation ζ(mV) Error ζ (mV) Error 1 A −12.6 0.551 −10.2 0.153 B −19.9 1.53 −16.80.9 2 A −13.9 1.14 −11.2 0.981 B −13.3 4.71 −15.4 0.755 3 A −11.0 0.451−8.6 0.272 B −14.3 1 −12.5 0.7

Dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed that the complex sizes produced bythese different materials and methods were in the size range, 120 nm-170nm, with higher N/P ratios producing smaller particles (Table 2 and FIG.10). In general, the method of formulation did not significantly affectthe size of the particles. Compound 3 was able to generate smallerparticles than 2, which formed particles smaller than 1, suggesting thatan increase in CD charge leads to smaller particle formation.

TABLE 2 DLS Measurements of Chol-PVA-PEG:Amino-β-CD:siRNA N/P # 10 N/P #20 Method of Size Size Amino-β-CD formulation (nm) PDI (nm) PDI 1 A162.5 0.348 133.9 0.332 B 151.2 0.243 139.8 0.346 2 A 153.9 0.382 128.10.392 B 141.7 0.335 123.9 0.369 3 A 137.8 0.421 125.8 0.331 B 139.90.359 125.9 0.346

Example 11 AFM Images of Chol-PVA-PEG:amino-β-CD

AFM images of Chol-PVA-PEG:amino-β-CD samples revealed the presence ofspherical particles (FIG. 2A) of average diameters<30 nm and heights of1.5 nm. Upon to addition of siRNA at N/P=10, uniform spherical particleswere formed that were of an average diameter of 60 nm and height of 5 nm(FIG. 2B). The low heights may be due to deformation of the particlesduring the sample preparation for AFM. The sizes determined by AFM aresmaller than those measured by DLS due to the dry nature of the AFMsamples (i.e., polymer solvent-swelling is absent). These resultssupport the conclusion that supramolecular complexation of Chol-PVA-PEGwith amino-β-CD produces a non-covalent assembly that is capable ofcondensing siRNA into compact and uniform spherical particles.

Example 12 In-Vitro Cytotoxicity of Amino-β-CD, Chol-PVA-PEG, and theirHost:Guest Complexes

The in vitro cytotoxicity of amino-β-CDs, Chol-PVA-PEG, and theirhost:guest complexes are a factor for their consideration as a safenon-viral vector. FIG. 3 shows that Chol-PVA-PEG, the amino-β-CDs, andthe Chol-PVA-PEG:1 host:guest complex were nearly 3-4 orders ofmagnitude less cytotoxic than bPEI, (i.e., the LD50's of bPEI,Chol-PVA-PEG and 1:1 Chol-PVA-PEG:1 were 0.01 mM, 9.5 mM and 7.9 mMrespectively, while those of 1, 2, and 3 were>10 mM and had negligibleeffect on the cell viability).

Example 13 In Vitro Gene Knockdown Efficiency

The in vitro gene knockdown efficiency of the complexes formed betweenthe anti-GFP siRNA and the Chol-PVA-PEG:amino-β-CD guest:host pendantpolymer system was assessed in CHO-GFP cells at N/P=20 in the presenceof serum (FIG. 4). The knockdown efficiencies were evaluated relative tobPEI and L2k as controls. Method A and Method B complexes both performedcomparably to bPEI and L2k vectors. The lowest performing guest:hostpendant polymer complexes showed gene knockdown efficiencies of ˜65% andthe to best performing complexes showed suppression up to ˜85%,depending on the amino-β-CD type. Method A and Method B complexes hadsimilar knockdown efficiencies suggesting that the method of formulationdoes not appreciably affect the RNAi efficiency. Chol-PVA-PEG:1:siRNAcomplexes had the highest efficiency regardless of the formulationmethod used and performed similarly to L2k. This can be attributed tothe lower charge density of 1 relative to 2 or 3, thus enabling morefacile dissociation of siRNA than the other two derivatives. Studiesalso reveal that from the guest:host pendant polymer complex Chol is amore effective pendant group than adamantane. This enhancement isattributed to the effect that Chol has on membrane phase behavior suchthat endosomal escape is promoted by the pendant Chol group.

Example 14 Synthesis of hepta-6-(2′-aminoethyl)amino-β-CD (4)

Hepta-6-iodo-β-CD (1.0 g, 0 5 mmol) was dissolved in 50 mL1,2-diaminoethane, then stirred at 60° C. under an atmosphere of N₂ for24 h. The solution was then concentrated under reduced pressure to a fewmilliliters before pouring into acetone (300 mL). A fine whiteprecipitate was formed and gathered by filtration. The precipitate waswashed with acetone and dried under vacuum to yield a stable whitepowder. Yield=0.47 g (66%). ¹H NMR (270 MHz, D₂O): δ=5.21-5.15 (s, 7H,C1H of CD), 4.10-3.82 (m, 21H, C3H and C5H of CD and NH) 3.77-3.54 (m,28H, C2H, C4H and C6H of CD), 3.21-2.97 (m, 2H, N1-CH₂), 2.97-2.88 (t,2H, N2-CH₂), 2.68-2.56 (b, 14H, NH₂). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=102.0(C(1) of β-CD), 82.3 (C(4) of β-CD), 73.2 (C(3) of β-CD), 72.5 (C(2) ofβ-CD), 72.1 (C(5) of β-CD), 55.2 (C(6) of β-CD), 53.9 (NH—CH₂), 45.2(CH₂—NH₂).

Example 15 Synthesis of hepta-6-(2′-hydroxyethyl)amino-β-CD (5)

This compound was prepared as described for Compound 4, except that2-aminoethanol was used as nucleophile instead of 1,2-diaminoethane.Yield=0.51 g (70%). ¹H NMR (270 MHz, D₂O): δ=5.10-5.05 (s, 7H, C1H ofCD), 4.00-3.85 (m, 14H, C3H and C5H of CD) 3.75-3.42 (m, 28H, C2H, C4Hand C6H of CD), 3.01-2.82 (m, 2H, ethanolamine CH₂O), 2.78-2.72 (t, 2H,ethanolamine CH₂N). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, D₂O): δ=104.1 (C(1) of β-CD), 84.6(C(4) of β-CD), 74.0 (C(3) of β-CD), 73.2 (C(2) of β-CD), 72.5 (C(5) ofβ-CD), 67.5(CH₂—OH), 58.7 (C(6) of β-CD), 57.5 (CH₂—N).

Example 16 Synthesis of hepta-6-hydrazyl-β-CD (6)

This compound was prepared as described for Compound 4, except thathydrazine was used as nucleophile instead of 1,2-diaminoethane.Yield=0.52 g (54%). ¹H NMR (270 MHz, D₂O): δ=5.13-5.09 (s, 7H, C1H ofCD), 4.28-4.02 (b, 7H, NH), 4.02-3.22 (m, 42H, C2H, C3H, C4H, C5H andC6H of CD), 2.00-1.80 (b, 14H, NH₂). ¹³C NMR (75 MHz, D₂O): δ=101.9(C(1) of β-CD), 81.6 (C(4) of β-CD), 73.0 (C(3) of β-CD), 72.4 (C(2) ofβ-CD), 72.0 (C(5) of β-CD), 45.9 (C(6) of β-CD).

Example 17 Synthesis of 4-benzaldehyde adamantanecarboxyl ester(Ad-Ph-CHO)

To a solution of 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (2.44 g, 20 mmol) in THF (10 mL)was added 3 mL NEt₃. The solution was cooled with ice before addingdropwise a solution of AdCOCl (5.94 g, 30 mmol) in THF (10 mL). After 6h, the THF was removed using a rotary evaporator. The residue wasdissolved in 50 mL ether and then washed three times with 1 M Na₂CO₃ andone time with saturated NaCl solution. The solution was dried overNa₂SO₄ and the solvent removed using a rotary evaporator to yield a paleyellow solid. Yield=5.11 g (90%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃): δ=9.99 (s,1H, CHO), 7.91 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H, ph), 7.23 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H, ph),2.09-2.05 (m, 9H, Ad), 1.81-1.74 (m, 6H, Ad).

Example 18 Synthesis of Ad-PVA

PVA (MW=27 kD) (460 mg, 10 mmol) was dissolved in 10 mL dry DMSO, andthen Ad-PhCHO (568 mg, 1.0 mmol) and 50 mg TSA were added. This solutionwas stirred for 2 d at 50° C. The solution was then poured into acetone(300 mL). A fine white precipitate was formed and gathered byfiltration. The precipitate was washed with acetone and dried undervacuum to yield a stable white solid. Yield=850 mg (85.2%). ¹H NMR (400MHz, d₆-DMSO): δ=7.42 (w, 2H, Ph), 7.03 (w, 2H, Ph), 5.51 (s, 1H, PhCH),4.66-4.02 (m, 3H, PVA-OH), 3.96-3.74 (m, 5H, PVA-CH), 2.02-1.95 (m, 9H,Ad), 1.70 (m, 6H, Ad), 1.59-1.21 (m, 10H, PVA-CH₂).

Example 19 Synthesis of Ad-PVA-PEG

A solution of CDI (162 mg, 1 mmol in 10 mL DMSO) was added dropwise to asolution of Ad-PVA (720 mg in 20 mL DMSO). The solution was stirred for1 d at 50° C., then processed by addition of 300 mL dry THF three timesto precipitate the CDI-activated polymer, which was used directly in thenext step after re-dissolving in 10 mL DMSO. After the addition ofmethoxypolyethylene glycol amine (MW=750 or 2000) NH₂-PEG-OMe (750 mg,100 eq, 1 mmol of PEG750; or 6.4 g, 320 eq, 3.2 mmol of PEG2000) to thesolution, the reaction was stirred overnight. The product was dialyzedagainst DMSO and deionized water three times (Spectra/Por Membrane, MWCO6000-8000) to remove low MW impurities. After removal of the solvent,the polymer was redissolved in DMSO and precipitated into acetone. TheAd-PVA-PEG was isolated as a pale yellow solid. Yield=1.1 g. ¹H NMR (400MHz, H₂O): δ=7.61-7.45 (br, Ph), 7.12-7.01 (br, Ph), 5.2-4.6 (br m,PVA-OH, overlapped with HDO), 4.01-3.05 (br m, PVA-CH and PEG-CH₂),2.2-1.5 (br, Ad). MW Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀=112 kDa; MW Ad-PVA-PEG₂₀₀₀=645 kDa.

Example 20 ¹H NMR Evidence for Acid Catalyzed Cleavage of Acetal Linker

Ad-PVA (50 mg) was dissolved by sonication in 2 mL of 10 mM β-CD D₂Osolution for 10 min, followed by removal of undissolved material viacentrifugation at 5400 rpm for 1 h. The sample was the transferred to anNMR tube for analysis. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was added to get thedesired pH (pH=4 and pH=7), and the ¹HNMR spectra recorded at 4 h and 48h.

Example 21 Synthesis of Amino-β-CD⁺ and Ad-PVA-PEG Host:Guest PolymerComponents

Based on the design shown in FIG. 14, three cationic β-CD derivatives(FIG. 15) were synthesized to test the amino-β-CD⁺:pendant polymerconcept, i.e., hepta-6-(1′,2′-diaminoethyl)-β-CD (4),hepta-6-(2′-hydroxyethylamino)-β-CD (5), and hepta-6-(hydrazino)-β-CD(6). The amino-β-CD⁺ components were synthesized from hepta-6-iodo-β-CDby a simple one step procedure. Ad-PhCHO was prepared from4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 1-adamantane carbonyl chloride. Ad-PhCHO wasfurther used to synthesize Ad-PVA and Ad-PVA-PEG from PVA (27 kD). TheAd-PVA was prepared from Ad-PhCHO and PVA in the presence of a catalyticamount of TSA to give the acetal-based pendant polymer. Ad-PVA wasisolated by precipitation in acetone. This was further activated by1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole to give the PEGylated pendant polymer,Ad-PVA-PEG. The Ad-PVA and Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ were prepared with 19 mol % Adacetal modifications and 12 mol % PEG750 carbamate modifications (MW=112kDa), while Ad-PVA-PEG₂₀₀₀ was prepared with 13 mol % Ad acetalmodifications and 48 mol % PEG2000 carbamate modifications (MW=645 kDa)as determined by ¹H NMR. These pendant polymer constructs then wereinvestigated for their ability to promote pDNA:host:guest complexformation and acid-responsive disassembly.

Example 22 Characterization of Amino-β-CD⁺:Ad-PVA-PEG Interaction

Complexation of Ad-PVA and Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ with the amino-β-CD⁺derivatives was confirmed by ¹H NMR (FIGS. 16A-16D). In one aspect, thephenyl and Ad resonances of the PVA derivatives showed upfield shiftsupon the addition of amino-β-CD host ligands in aqueous media,indicating the formation of host:guest polymer complexes via Ad:CDinclusion. The complexation of the pendant polymer with α-CD and γ-CD asstudied by ¹H NMR revealed that there was no detectable binding of theα-CD or γ-CD to the polymer (i.e., no upfield shift was observed for thephenyl or Ad resonances upon their addition to the aqueous solution ofthe pendant polymer (FIG. 21). Next, the acid-catalyzed cleavage of theacetal bond used to connect the Ad guest ligand to the polymer backbonewas tested. ¹H NMR spectra of Ad-PVA in D₂O in the presence of equimolarunmodified β-CD was measured as a function of pH. At pH=7, theresonances of the benzylidene acetal pendant group protons were observedat 7.6, 6.8 and 5.6 ppm. After treating this solution at pH=4 for 48 h,the ¹H NMR spectra exhibited three new peaks at 7.0, 8.1, and 9.8 ppmthat were attributed to the cleaved benzaldehyde-4-adamantane carboxylester unit (FIGS. 16E and 16F). Detailed hydrolysis kinetics was studiedby a pyrene fluorescence assay to study the time-dependent degradationof the polymer. Evidence from NMR and the pyrene fluorescence assay ofthe pendant group cleavage from the polymer main chain at low pHsuggests that a similar process may occur upon cellular internalization.Hydrolysis of the pendant groups from the PVA backbone within the acidicendosomal environment would be expected to promote complex disassembly,pDNA un-packaging and escape.

Example 23 Characterization of the Particles Formed bypDNA:Amino-β-CD⁺:Ad-PVA-PEG Complexation

The ability of these non-covalent pendant polymer assemblies to condensepDNA was then evaluated with respect to particle size and net charge.Two different complexation methods (FIG. 14) were used to evaluate therelative capacity of amino-β-CD⁺:Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ host:guest polymerassemblies toward pDNA condensation. In Method A, Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ waspre-associated with amino-β-CD⁺ before addition to the pDNA solution. InMethod B, the pDNA was first complexed with the respective amino-β-CD⁺,followed by addition of Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀.

Gel Shift Assays

Gel shift assays of pDNA complexes with the amino-β-CD⁺ and theamino-β-CD⁺:Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ pendant polymer assemblies indicate that bothmethods of formulation had comparable pDNA complexation abilities. Also,in the absence of polymer, higher N:P ratios were used to condense pDNAeffectively. Comparison of the three amino-β-CD⁺ compounds indicatedthat 6 has the greatest capacity for condensing pDNA compared to 4 and5. This improved condensation capability of 6 relative to 4 and 5 can beattributed to the availability of both the nitrogens on the hydrazinemoiety for interaction with pDNA. In case of 4 and 5, the more basic 2°amines are not as easily accessible to the pDNA, resulting in lesseffective condensation.

Zeta Potentials

Zeta potentials were measured for both types of complexes withAd-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ to determine the surface charge of the resultingtransfection particles (FIG. 17). It is observed that complexes formedby both methods, as well as polymer-free amino-β-CD⁺:pDNA complexes, hadpositive ζ, when N:P>5. Hydrazine derivative 6 was an unusual case inthat complexes of this species prepared either via Method B or in theabsence of Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ gave similar results, whereas complexes of 6produced using Method A had a positive charge that was significantlyhigher and comparable to bPEI:pDNA complexes. In one aspect, observethat complexes formulated from Ad-PVA-PEG₂₀₀₀ have a surface charge thatis slightly negative. Similar trends were observed with Ad-PVA-PEG suchcomplexes formulated with 6 produced nearly neutral surface charges atN:P=20.

TABLE 3 Zeta Potentials of Formulations with Ad-PVA-PEG Formulation withAd-PVA- Zeta Potential (mV) PEG₂₀₀₀ N:P = 5 N:P = 10 N:P = 15 N:P = 20N:P = 30 1, Method B  −17 ± 1.3 −2.2 ± 0.1 1.3 ± 0.5 3.0 ± 0.8 3.1 ± 0.51 without Ad-PVA-PEG −14.5 ± 0.5  −0.3 ± 0.2 2.6 ± 0.1 3.2 ± 0.6 2.8 ±0.7 2, Method B −2.3 ± 0.9  3.8 ± 1.1 4.1 ± 0.3 6.1 ± 0.2 6.3 ± 0.1 2without Ad-PVA-PEG −1.1 ± 0.1  4.1 ± 0.8 3.6 ± 0.3 7.2 ± 0.4 7.1 ± 0.2Dynamic Light Scattering

Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to determine the transfectioncomplex sizes produced using these different materials and methods. Thedata show that both 4 and 6 had plasmid condensation abilities that weresimilar to bPEI when Method A was used (i.e., the particle diameterswere below 300 nm when N:P>5) (FIG. 17B). Compound 5 also condensed pDNAto form particles of ˜400 nm at high N:P ratios (>40) using Method A(Table 4). In stark contrast, Method B complexes of 6: pDNA showed asharp increase in particle size across a narrow N:P ratio range of2:1→5:1 (500-5500 nm), indicating that extensive aggregation occurs withthese complexes in the absence of polymer. Interestingly, the particlesizes of pDNA:6:Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ complexes initially increased over thissame range of N:P ratios, followed by a decrease to below 2000 nm atN:P>10. The PEG-grafted polymer helps to sterically stabilize the 6:pDNAparticles (FIG. 17C). Findings indicate that Method A is preferential toMethod B for producing small transfection complexes, presumably due toimproved steric stabilization and a reduced propensity for Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀to promote particle aggregation via host:guest interactions of a singlepolymer chain between two or more pre-formed amino-β-CD⁺:pDNA particles.DLS measurements of complexes made with Ad-PVA-PEG₂₀₀₀ showed that theparticles were less than 300 nm for the CD variants. Ad-PVA-PEGcomplexes prepared by Method B were larger than those prepared by MethodA. Notice that at similar N:P ratios (e.g., 20), complexes formulatedfrom Ad-PV A-PEG₂₀₀₀ are significantly smaller than those prepared fromAd-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ (225 vs. 295 nm, respectively, for 4). This indicates thatthe increased PEG MW and grafting density on the polymer backbonesterically stabilizes the complexes and helps condense them into smallerparticles (Table 4).

TABLE 4 Particle Sizes and Zeta Potential Measurements ofpDNA:Amino-β-CD⁺:Ad-PVA-PEG₂₀₀₀ Complexes at N:P = 20 Size ZetaPotential Method of Size ζ Amino-β-CD Formulation (nm) PDI (mV) 1 A224.5 .39 −8.1 ± 0.1 B 325.0 .40 −10.7 ± 0.7  2 A 192.6 .33   −6 ± 0.4 B280.8 .32   −6 ± 0.4 3 A 343.1 .36 −9.2 ± 0.5 B 293.1 .30 −5.9 ± 0.6AFM Images

AFM images of Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ samples revealed the presence of sphericalparticles (FIG. 18A) that were formed by aggregation of the pendant Adunits in aqueous media. Upon addition of amino-β-CD⁺ derivatives, thespherical particles were transformed into granular fibrillar shapedobjects (FIG. 18B). From these observations it can be inferred that β-CDcomplexation with the polymer Ad groups via host:guest interactioncauses a transformation of the spherical micelle geometry to anelongated, flexible rod structure due to the combined effects ofelectrostatic repulsion between the neighboring cationic amino-β-CD⁺sthat are appended to the polymer backbone via host:guest inclusion andthe excluded volume occupied by the pendant PEG750 segments. When pDNAwas added to this system at low N:P ratios, the samples were observed tobe a mixture of fibers and particles, presumably due to the presence ofboth partially-complexed flexible rod structures and more partiallycompacted pDNA complexes (FIG. 18C). When N:P=6, particles withdiameters of about 100 nm were observed (FIG. 18D). Ad-PVA-PEG₂₀₀₀formed complexes that were smaller than the complexes formed byAd-PVA-PEG₇₅₀, but showed similar trends with respect to shape andmorphology (FIG. 23). The sizes determined by AFM are smaller than thosemeasured by DLS due to the absence of solvent-swollen polymer in the AFMsamples. These results support the conclusion that host:guestcomplexation of Ad-PVA-PEG with amino-β-CD⁺ produces a non-covalentassembly that is capable of condensing pDNA into compact, relativelyuniform particles that are sufficiently small to be internalized bycells via endocytosis.

Example 24 Acute Cytotoxicity and Transfection Properties ofAmino-β-CD⁺:Ad-PVA-PEG Complexes

The in vitro cytotoxicity of amino-β-CD⁺s, Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀, and theirhost:guest complexes are a highly relevant factor for their long termconsideration as a safe non-viral nucleic acid vector. FIG. 19 showsthat Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀, the amino-β-CD⁺s, and the 4:Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ host:guestcomplex were nearly three orders of magnitude less cytotoxic than bPEI,a benchmark reagent for in vitro and in vivo transfections. The LD50'sof bPEI, 4, 5, 6, Ad-PVA-PEG and 1:1 4:Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ were 0.01 mM, 4.5mM, 8.9 mM, 1.6 mM, 1.77 mM and 2 mM, respectively.

The in vitro performance of the transfection complexes generated bycomplexation of pDNA (mhGFP) and the amino-β-CD⁺:Ad-PVA,amino-β-CD⁺:Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ or amino-β-CD⁺:Ad-PVA-PEG₂₀₀₀ host:guestpendant polymer systems were assessed in HeLa cells at N:P=20 in bothserum-free and 10% serum-supplemented media (FIG. 20). The transfectionefficiencies were calculated using the transfection efficiency of bPEIas 100%. The amino-β-CD⁺:Ad-PVA complexes showed less than 20%transfection efficiency, with Method A complexes performing marginallybetter than Method B complexes. This low level of transfection isattributed to the formation of poorly internalized large aggregates thatare formed due to the absence of sterically stabilizing PEG segments inthis host:guest pendant polymer construct.

In the absence of serum, Method A amino-β-CD⁺:Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ complexesproduced transfection efficiencies in the 15-55% range, depending on theamino-β-CD type, whereas complexes generated using Method B showedtransfection efficiencies in the 10-25% range. In the presence of serum,complexes made from Ad-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ showed less than 10% efficiency. Thiscan be attributed to the low serum stability of the particles due to therelatively low PEG density. Complexes made from Ad-PVA-PEG₂₀₀₀ producedtransfection efficiencies in the range of 40-140% of bPEI in the absenceof serum and 30-130% of bPEI in the presence of serum. The presence ofserum has little effect on the transfection efficiency of PEG₂₀₀₀constructs, due to the impact of either higher PEG MW or higher PEGloading on improved serum stability. Complexes made from thehydrazino-modified β-CD (6) and ethylenediamine-modified β-CD (5) showedbetter transfection efficiency than the ethanolamine (4) derivative.This finding is attributed to the lower charge density on thesederivatives (due to the lower pK_(a) expected for 6 and 4 relative tothe 2° amines present on 5 that makes them capable of more facileexchange off the pDNA core).

The transfection experimental conditions used were those that had beenpreviously optimized for bPEI in order to provide the comparison withthis widely used transfection reagent. Note, however, that theperformance of bPEI is also twofold lower and nearly 1000 times moretoxic than the amino-β-CD⁺:Ad-PVA-PEG₂₀₀₀ complexes reported here (FIG.19). Indeed, the widely reported dose-limiting toxicity of bPEI has beena major impediment to the further development of gene deliverystrategies in vivo using this vector. In view of this limitation, thelow toxicity of amino-β-CD⁺:Ad-PVA-PEG complexes suggests that higherdoses may be possible with this vector while still maintaining good cellviability.

Three other observations deserve note for the amino-β-CD⁺:Ad-PVA-PEGcomplexes studied: (i) Method A complexes tend to produce highertransfection efficiencies than the analogous Method B complexes; (ii)Ad-PVA-PEG₂₀₀₀ complexes were significantly more effective thanAd-PVA-PEG₇₅₀ complexes, which in turn were more effective than Ad-PVAcomplexes; and (iii) increased PEG loading and use of longer PEG resultsin complexes that are stable in the presence of serum. Smallertransfection complex sizes, improved solubility due to the presence ofPEG, and improved steric stabilization are likely to be responsible forthese findings. The smaller sizes of the transfection complexes may haveled to an increase in the extent of cellular internalization of theparticles, thereby leading to better transfection efficiencies forMethod A. Conversely, the low solubility of the Ad-PVA complexes resultsin aggregation, giving rise to larger particles that may be too large tobe effectively internalized, thus leading to lower transfectionefficiencies.

While certain features of the invention have been illustrated anddescribed herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes, andequivalents will now occur to those of ordinary skill in the art. It is,therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended tocover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spiritof the invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A nucleic acid complex comprising a nucleic acid,a macrocyclic compound, and a pendant polymer, wherein the pendantpolymer comprises a polymer backbone and is modified with a hydrophobicgroup, wherein the macrocyclic compound and the pendant polymer form ahost:guest polymer complex, and wherein the nucleic acid is siRNA, mRNA,tRNA, rRNA, cDNA, miRNA, ribozymes, antisense oligonucleotides, decoyoligonucleotides, plasmid DNA (pDNA), peptide nucleic acids,triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs), aptamers, or genes, or aderivative or analog thereof, or a combination thereof.
 2. The nucleicacid complex of claim 1, wherein said nucleic acid is siRNA, mRNA, tRNA,rRNA, or miRNA.
 3. The nucleic acid complex of claim 1, wherein saidnucleic acid is siRNA or pDNA.
 4. The nucleic acid complex of claim 1,wherein said pendant polymer comprises a poly(vinyl alcohol),polysaccharide, polyester, polyamide, poly(ethylene glycol), orpoly(propylene glycol) backbone.
 5. The nucleic acid complex of claim 1,wherein said pendant polymer comprises a poly(vinyl alcohol),poly(ethylene glycol), poly(propylene glycol), polydimethylsiloxane,polyethylene, polypropylene, hyaluronic acid, or pullulan backbone. 6.The nucleic acid complex of claim 1, wherein said pendant polymercomprises a polysaccharide backbone.
 7. The nucleic acid complex ofclaim 1, wherein said pendant polymer comprises a hyaluronic acidbackbone.
 8. The nucleic acid complex of claim 1, wherein said pendantpolymer comprises a poly(ethylene glycol) pendant group.
 9. The nucleicacid complex of claim 1, wherein said macrocyclic compound is a modifiedβ-cyclodextrin.
 10. The nucleic acid complex of claim 1, wherein saidmacrocyclic compound is a modified β-cyclodextrin comprising an aminomoiety.
 11. The nucleic acid complex of claim 1, wherein saidmacrocyclic compound is mono-6-(amino)-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin,mono-6-(N,N′-dimethylethane-1,2-diamine)-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin,mono-6-(N′ -(2-aminoethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine)-6-deoxy-β-cyclodextrin,hepta-6-(2′-aminoethyl)amino-β-cyclodextrin,hepta-6-(2′-hydroxyethylamino)-β-cyclodextrin, orhepta-6-(hydrazino)-β-cyclodextrin.
 12. The nucleic acid complex ofclaim 1, wherein said hydrophobic group is a cholesterol group, anadamantane group, a diadamantane group, or a naphthalene group, or aderivative or analog thereof.
 13. The nucleic acid complex of claim 1,wherein said hydrophobic group is adamantane, or a derivative thereof.14. The nucleic acid complex of claim 1, wherein said hydrophobic groupis cholesterol, or a derivative thereof.
 15. The nucleic acid complex ofclaim 1, wherein said hydrophobic group is linked through an acetallinkage to the polymer backbone of the pendant polymer.
 16. Apharmaceutical composition comprising the nucleic complex of claim 1 toproduce a pharmaceutical for delivering a nucleic acid into a cell. 17.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 16, wherein said cell is acancer cell.
 18. A method for delivering a nucleic acid into a cell, themethod comprising the step of bringing a nucleic acid complex of claim 1comprising the nucleic acid into contact with the cell.
 19. A nucleiccomplex comprising a nucleic acid, a macrocyclic compound, and a pendantpolymer, wherein the pendant polymer comprises a polymer backbone and ismodified with a hydrophobic group, wherein the macrocyclic compound andthe pendant polymer form a host:guest polymer complex, and wherein thehydrophobic group is an adamantane group, or a derivative or analogthereof.
 20. The nucleic acid complex of claim 19, wherein said pendantpolymer comprises a hyaluronic acid backbone.
 21. A nucleic complexcomprising a nucleic acid, a macrocyclic compound, and a pendantpolymer, wherein the pendant polymer comprises a polymer backbone and ismodified with a hydrophobic group, wherein the macrocyclic compound andthe pendant polymer form a host:guest polymer complex, and wherein saidpendant polymer comprises a hyaluronic acid backbone.
 22. The nucleicacid complex of claim 21, wherein the hydrophobic group is an adamantanegroup, or a derivative or analog thereof.